Drugs and behavior Review sheet 3

. Essay questions are below the table of terms. If you have difficulty printing it out, please ask me for a copy and I will print one for you.

Chapters covered are some of the alcohol chapter (9), 10, 11, the caffeine half of 12, 13, part of 14, the inhalants part of 15, 17 and 18 from student presentations.

Items in red are good to know, but will not be on this exam.

nitrous oxide

ether

petroleum distillates

nitrites

propellants

poppers

snappers

 Ledermann curve

caffeine

theophylline

coffee

kola

 
  thiopental  secobarbital  phenobarbital
general anaesthetics  glutethimide methaqualone tranquillizers 
meprobamate  dicarbamate  paradoxical effects  REM rebound 
"Love drug" chlordiazepoxide  diazepam  flumazenil 
nordiazepam oxazepam  baclofen panic disorders 
phobias  obsessive-compulsive disorder stress disorders  long-acting benzodiazepines
second-generation anxiolytics  antiepileptic drugs  alprazolam  buspirone
naloxone naltrexone nalorphine Cocarettes
endogenous opiates

opiate antagonist

naltrexone

morphine

codeine

Serturner

Dreser

French paradox

meperidine

methadone

m, k, d receptors

naloxone, naltrexone

heroin

substance P

 
Adderall phentermine/phenmetrazine dexfenfluramine ephedrine/phenylephrine
Erythroxylon coca cocaine base or paste freebase Niemann
benzoylecgonine cocaethylene transporter proteins crack
zolpidem  hydantoins  carbamazepine  valproic acid 
cocaine bugs bupropion atomoxetine/Strattera NESRI
SSRI DSRI Yerkes-Dodson Law xanthine derivatives
Camellia sinensis Theobroma cacao Ilex varieties adenosine
Zolpidem buspirone triazolam (Halcion) flunitrazepam (Rohypnol)
bupropion/Wellbutrin butyrylcholinesterase MAOIs SSRIs
tricyclics imidazoline biological amine hypothesis fluoxetine
atomoxetine/Strattera antidepressants nucleus accumbens antipsychotics
methylphenidate/Ritalin pemoline/Cylert Adderall imidazoline receptors
amitriptylene non-SSRIs maprotiline bupropion/Wellbutrin/Zyban
paroxetine clomipramine fluvoxamine nefazodone
tranylcypromine moclebemide reversible MAOIs irreversible MAOIs
clonidine bipolar disorder phenothiazines chlorpromazine
lithium carbonate tardive dyskinesia dystonia parkinsonism
agranulocytosis risperidone NMS butyrophenones
cardiotoxicity pimazode olanzapine sertindole
ayahuasca     NESRI
muscarine fly agaric Foxy methoxy yopo
AChE inhibitors ACh blockers ACh mimics perceptual distorter
illusionogenic neurodysleptic malathion physostigmine
Sarin/Soman Atropa belladonna Datura hyoscine
Amanita peyote/ mescaline DOM/STP MMDA/TMA
LSD-25 ergot myristicin/elemicin MDMA/Ecstasy
harmine bufotenine PCP ketamine
crystal Special K mandrake DMT
THC hashish/charas ganja, sinsemilla marijuana

Marinol

SAM/SAMe

 cannabinoid receptors Serotonin syndrome
D2 receptors anticholinergic SR141716 propoxyphene/Darvon
parathion sarin atropine MDMA/Ecstasy
ololiuqui lysergic acid amide myristicin/elemicin ketalar

NMDA-glutamate

complex

 hemp anandamide cannabinoid receptor

2. Essays

  1. Explain the categories and uses of inhalants.  Who uses them and why?
  2. What can be done pharmacologically (with drugs) to help people quit alcohol addiction?
  3. Outline six types of inhalants, with examples of each.
  4. What special risks are associated with inhalant use?
  5. Using examples, outline the sub-families of opiate drugs.
  6. Outline the history of use of opiates, from ancient times through the 20th century.
  7. Explain the history of legal controls on the use of opium.
  8. Explain the mechanisms by which opiates control pain.
  9. How do the effects of amphetamines change with increasing dosage?
  10. How does drug usage relate to AD/HD?
  11. Outline the history of cocaine use and abuse.
  12. Explain the preparation of the various forms of cocaine. How effective is each form?
  13. Why was powdered cocaine HCl popular with the upper middle class? Why was crack cocaine use epidemic in inner city neighbourhoods?
  14. Evaluate the research on crack babies.
  15. What are the pharmacodynamics of cocaine? What are its short term and long term side effects?
  16. How does tolerance to cocaine develop?
  17. Outline the plant sources of xanthines.
  18. What are the pharmacodynamic effects of caffeine?
  19. Explain the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of caffeine.
  20. Outline the research over reproductive effects of caffeine. What do you recommend?
  21. What is the mechanism responsible for caffeine withdrawal?
  22. Since nicotine is now known to act to enhance dopamine activity in the nucleus accumbens, should it be classed with caffeine or with amphetamine and cocaine?
  23. What are the side effects of caffeine? Are there any fetal effects?
  24. What are the various methods for administering nicotine? What are the relative blood levels produced by each method? Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the various routes of administration of nicotine.
  25. Describe the pharmacodynamics of nicotine.
  26. Outline the side effects of nicotine.
  27. How can we treat nicotine addiction?

  28. Explain the biological or biogenic amine hypothesis of depression. Contrast it with receptor desensitization and serotonin theories.

  29. How does receptor desensitization explain the delayed onset of some antidepressants?
  30. Describe the various families of drugs used to treat depression. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each?
  31. What are the second-generation antidepressants?
  32. What are the dual-action antidepressants, and how do they work?
  33. What does lithium do? What are the problems associated with its use?
  34. Describe, with advantages and disadvantages, the various alternatives to lithium in treatment of bipolar disorder.
  35. Describe, with examples of each, the various families of drugs used to treat schizophrenia.
  36. What are the extrapyrimidal effects of the phenothiazines?
  37. Explain the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia.
  38. Distinguish the positive symptoms of schizophrenia from the negative symptoms.
  39. How do phenothiazines affect reproductive processes?
  40. What are the dual-action antipsychotics?
  41. Describe, with examples, the four families of psychedelics and hallucinogens.
  42. Describe, with examples, the three ways acetylcholine psychedelics act.
  43. Tell one interesting story about the history of use of psychedelic drugs.
  44. What are designer drugs? How do they act?
  45. What are the catecholamine-like psychedelics? Where do they act? Outline their families, with examples.
  46. What are cannabinoid receptors, and where are they found?  What substances act on them?  With what specific effects?  In what significant brain area are they not found?
  47. Explain the pharmacokinetics of marijuana and THC.
  48. Explain the physiological and behavioral effects (including side effects) of marijuana use. Does it produce tolerance or dependence? Is marijuana or THC reinforcing?  Evaluate the evidence.
  49. Is marijuana a gateway drug?  Discuss the question from at least two points of view.
  50. Describe the history of use of marijuana, including the development of legal controls and their rationale.
  51. Explain Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and the benefits and problems of drug  treatments for OCD.

 Last updated 11 December, 2006.