Spring 1999

Department of Psychology & Sociology

Houghton College

Course Syllabus

 

Psychology of Personality PSY-301A mailto:dstevenson@houghton.edu

Daryl H. Stevenson, Ph.D. Office: N322

MWF 10:00 a.m. Phone: Ext. 304

 

Description: Numerous theories have been advanced to explain the construct of personality. This course describes many of the possible definitions and dimensions of personality from a variety of theoretical frameworks. Through lecture, discussions, and class activities and projects, this course compares and contrasts personality from four basic strategies: psychoanalytic, dispositional, environmental, and representational.

 

Objectives: The course is designed to help students gain an appreciation for the ambiguity which exists in definitions of personality, and the difficulties in this particular area of study. Students will learn the essentials of several different theories of personality, and the implications for assessment and research. Students will gain understanding of how the theories are both similar and different, their limitations, and the implications for interpersonal relationships. Students should increase their analytical thinking and writing skills relative to the study of personality, including research skills using the World Wide Web and cooperative student learning. Finally, students will increase awareness of their own developmental journey by the application of theoretical constructs to their own lives.

 

Requirements

 

1. Read the designated portions of the following texts:

Liebert, R. & Spiegler, M. (1998). Personality: Strategies and Issues (8th ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.

Frick, W. (1991). Personality Theories. New York: Teachers College Press.

2. Three examinations. The final exam is not comprehensive.

3. Quizzes. Quizzes may be given on the scheduled first day we discuss a new chapter of the main text. Please keep up with your reading. Your lowest quiz grade will be dropped.

4. Frick Assignments: All students will complete a total of three (3) units in the Frick text. Unit one will be completed by all students ("Childhood Recollections and Experiences"). Then, you will have a choice of completing two more from the units in the book.

Here are several other important points to remember:

(a) Do not carry out any particular exercise in a unit that calls for group discussion or involvement. Simply omit that small section of the unit. Your work on these units are strictly for your eyes and my eyes only. all that you write will be confidential. However, we may take some class time to discuss the Frick assignments in a general way.

(b) Be prepared to hand in your Frick text at the designated times. The "grace period" (discussed later in this syllabus) does not apply to the handwritten exercises in the Frick text. Handing your book in late will mean that you lose some credit.

(c) On the outside of the front cover, write your name at the top on the white sticker which I will provide.

(d) Evaluation of these experiential exercises will depend on completeness (i.e. general effort), neatness and timeliness, rather than content. Each of the three (3) assignments will count 10 points toward the final grade.

5. As a class, we will share a folder in GroupWise to share information between classes and to carry on exchanges about questions and topics which I post. Therefore it is important for you to check the folder at least once every 24 hours. At times I will post an internet or web site that relates to our course, along with several questions for discussion. Or I may suggest a concept or topic and ask you to search for a site that gives help in learning about the topic. Grading for this level of active participation can result in a possible total of 30 points. A separate handout will explain more fully. Decisions about credit are solely at the instructor’s discretion. Responding to questions as part of an ongoing discussion, and finding/posting a new web site for others to explore, are intended to be an integral part of this course. Your involvement here is part of the overall fun and participation in the course.

6. Choose one of the following options as your major project. Both would take time and energy to complete, and both would be interesting, but do not do both.

a) Personal Project. Complete two standardized personality instruments: the NEO-PI-R and the 16PF. After you complete both instruments by February 15, you will receive a more extensive handout describing how to proceed to finish the 7-8 page project. It will involve recruiting several family members or friends to participate--people who know you well. The emphasis is on evaluating your own personality by making predictions of your own profile and then comparing this to the results of the two instruments. The handout is very detailed (about 12 pages) and will take you through the process step by step.

b) Case Study. A written case study is a time-tested method of personality research, but is only Aempirical@ in a loose sense of the term. There are many instances of individuals being evaluated according to some theoretical perspective, such as Freud=s Cases on Hysteria and Allport=s Letters to Jenny. Such cases may also be viewed as a means to evaluate the theory=s usefulness. This project involves writing a 7-8 page case study on someone much older and who you know very well. You will select one theory, from among those we study in this course, and use information from your subject=s life pattern of personality development to evaluate the theory. Thus you are not evaluating the person but the theory. A separate handout given later will explain the steps to follow.

A decision as to which project you select is due February 3.

 

7. Here are several ways by which you may gain some extra credit in this course, if you have completed (or expect to complete) all of the required elements of the course. That is, you may not substitute some extra credit points in lieu of writing one of the required papers or taking an exam.

a) Attendance at class is presumed and you are responsible for information given in this forum. But you can get extra credit for being there! We keep records of attendance every day, but six class periods will be selected randomly--three at mid-semester and three at the end. You will receive one point for each of those random days you were present, and, if you missed none of the six randomly selected days, you get a bonus of four points, for a total possible of 10 points extra credit. HOWEVER, if you miss more than four class periods for the entire semester, you forfeit all extra credit opportunities offered in this syllabus.

(NOTE: It is your responsibility to be sure you have signed the attendance sheet each day, even if you happen to arrive late. Once we have left the classroom, the attendance is decided for the day. Thus someone may not explain to me at the next class meeting that she really was present, but forgot to sign in. And while we are speaking about attendance, please know that your integrity is on the line and that the honor code should be followed when the sheet is passed around class. You must sign your own initials only--and for that day only.)

b) You may elect to present your results of the major paper (Personal Project or Case Study) to the class during one of the last two class periods of the semester, regardless of the grade you received on the paper. The amount of time allotted depends on the number of students, but it will not be less than six minutes nor more than ten. Depending on the organization, quality, and presentation style, you may achieve up to 3 extra points.

c) Complete other units in the Frick book--2 points each.

d) Another way to achieve more substantial extra credits is to do one of the following two mini-projects. Both would take about the same amount of time, in my judgment, and either one can earn up to 20 extra credit points, if done well. Evaluation will be 20=superior, 17=quite good, 15=acceptable, 13=barely acceptable, 0=unacceptable. Remember, you do not have to do any of these!!

 

1) Rorschach Ink Blot mini-project. Read about Hermann Rorschach and how he got started using ink blots. Among any other sites, check out <www.phil.gu.se/fu/ro.html>. This project involves first understanding about the background, theory, and technique of ARorschaching,@ then moving ahead to make your own "instrument," collecting data from some friends, and finally completing a three page summary of your findings. What I am about to ask you to do is not the way a true Rorschacher would proceed. There are very complex scoring procedures. The first time I gave a full Rorschach (ten blots) it took me more than 12 hours to score and interpret the results. With practice I got it down to several hours. So, do not assume your results will confirm or disconfirm the usefulness of the Rorschach technique.

 

First, make ONE ink blot by folding a piece of full-sized, plain white paper in half and pouring a little black ink on one side of the fold. Then fold the paper down on the ink so a symmetrical ink blot appears in the middle of the page. You may have to experiment a little and do it several times before you have a usable blot. Make about 12 photocopies of your blot after it dries.

 

Standardize the ink blot by asking ten friends, each interviewed separately, to look at the blot as you say these words exactly: AWhat might this be?@ Hand them one copy, and as they talk, have a separate copy on which you can write. Record on your copy--one clean one for each friend--their descriptions of what they say and indicate where they see it.

 

Summarize your findings in a short paper of about 750 words, which is normally about three double-spaced pages. However, you can single-space this assignment because it will be posted in the shared folder and take less space. The first 25% of the paper should be introduction and a summary of what you found out about Hermann Rorschach and his technique. In the middle 50% explain any common responses to the blot, compare the number and types of content in their responses, and perhaps share one or two unique responses. Knowing your friends, you might try categorizing them beforehand as, say, introverts versus extraverts, and see if one group gives different responses from the other. Or, select some other way to make pre-test categories for comparison (see me, I have some ideas). The final 25% should give your reactions to doing all this and what you learned.

 

Post your paper in the shared folder for all of us to read. The same day send a hard copy to me with a copy of the blot. Both must be done for consideration of extra credit. (Your classmates will want to see your blot, so let=s make an overhead of it and we will view it in class.) I hope you find the activity enjoyable and instructive, even though it is not highly reliable and valid.

 

2) Biography mini-project. There are many dozens of personality psychologists around the country (and world) who specifically teach and research many of the concepts we learn about in this course. One fun website by Dr. G. Scott Acton, of Northwestern University, is called Great Ideas in Personality. Use the following address to go to his list of active researchers in personality, with hyperlinks to their home pages (note the absence of www):

<http:galton.psych.nwu.edu/greatideas/gallery.html>

Select one of these researchers on whom to write a short biography to post in the shared folder. However, to avoid two students selecting the same person, announce your selection in the shared folder early in the semester. No one else may use your researcher for this mini-project. Your report will be no more than 750 words (about three double-spaced pages) but you may use single-spacing to save space when you post it in the shared folder.

 

The first 25% of the report will be about the researcher from information you gather from his/her website. The middle 50% will discuss his/her current research interests, either gleaned from your web search or by e-mailing the researcher and finding out! If you do use e-mail for contact, explain who you are very briefly, where you go to school, and that you are doing a report on his/her general research program. (Of course it would be helpful for you to have read at least one article by the psychologist so you know something about the line of research. These will probably be listed online in the author=s curriculum vitae.) Ask simply: AWhat is your current research project and what are you hoping to find? Are your students involved, and if so, how?@ That should be enough information. You don=t want to ask for an extensive response--make it short and courteous. The final 25% will be your reaction to this little project and what you have learned by doing it.

 

Post the report in the shared folder and the same day send a hard copy to me. It must be filed both places for the credit. Make it creative, fun-to-read, and even humorous, if that is your style.

 

8. This semester I will experiment with a new kind of incentive. For those who have a 94% or better average at the end of the semester, without including extra credit points, I will waive the final examination! Here is how it will work. During the last week of courses, if you think you may qualify for this little perk, please come see me. We will review your grades, add up all the points, and determine your status. Do not expect that I will be the one to take the initiative. You must keep track of your own points and make the determination as to whether you come close to the criterion. I will not add up your points until you have done so on your own--without getting the numbers from me. So, keep careful track of your points, and hopefully, you will qualify for the exemption. The form at the end of this syllabus is provided to help you keep track.

Course Outline

 

Date

Topic

Readings & Due Dates

Jan. 13 Introduction/orientation Note: Quiz on this syllabus, Friday, Jan. 15
15 Film: Personality Preface
18, 20, 22 Overview & issues Ch. 1
25, 27, 29 Methods: Research and Assessment Ch. 2

Frick #1: due Jan. 29

The Psychoanalytic Strategy
Feb. 1, 3 Freud’s background Decision due Feb. 3: Ch. 3

Personal Project or Case Study

5, 8 Freudian theory Ch. 4
10, 12, 15 Post-Freudian theory: Jung, Adler, & Horney, Complete NEO-PI-R Ch. 5

and 16 PF answer sheet

(if doing Personal Project) and bring to class on Feb. 15

17 Applications and limitations Ch. 6
19 Exam #1 EXAM #1
The Dispositional Strategy
24 Background and assumptions Ch. 7
26,

March 1, 3, 5

Traits: Allport, Cattell, Eysenck

Ch. 8
8 The Supertraits
10 Biology and genetics Ch. 9