PSY 335A Drugs and Behavior

Course Description	Course arrangement	Web links
Course Syllabus	Assignment calendar	Study guides
PowerPoint Slides	Newsletter	Journals

General objectives. To understand and be able to compare

• the major categories of psychoactive drugs;
• their physiological, psychological, and societal effects;
• patterns and causes of their use and abuse in individuals and societies; and
• systems of drug education.

• predict the likely effect on behavior of various psychoactive substances;
• identify drugs by their physiological, psychological, and social effects on human beings, and
• evaluate their potential for abuse.

General course arrangement.

1. Basic terminology and principles of drug action: Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and the pharmacopoeia. Julien chapters 1 - 3.

2. CNS depressants: Julien chapters 4 - 6.

3. CNS stimulants: Julien chapters 7 and 8.

4. Pain relief...and more: Julien chapters 9 and 10.Psychiatrically useful drugs: Julien chapters 7,8, 9, and 15.

5. Marijuana and psychedelics: Julien chapters 11 and 12.

6. Drug abuse: Julien chapters 13 and 14.

7. Psychiatric use of drugs: Julien chapters 15 - 20.

Required textbook.

Julien, R.M. (2001). A primer of drug action, 9e. New York: Worth. Be sure that you obtain the Academic version.

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Major assignments and expectations.

1.  Attendance policy.  Please come to all classes.  I welcome your contributions to class discussion, and teaching cannot happen without students.  As missed quizzes and other in-class assignments may not be replaced, perfect attendance is to your advantage.

2. Read assigned material in the textbook, and use this to contribute to class discussions. Occasional, unannounced in-class or electronic writing assignments or quizzes will draw on your reading. You must read all of the assigned material, whether it is covered in class or not. Most readings will be useful in class discussion, and all of the assigned reading will help you understand more..  10%

3. Three content examinations

Thursday, September 27..................................15%

Thursday, November 1....................................20%

Monday, December 17, 1 p.m.........................25%

3. Paper or project (videotape, PowerPoint class presentation, Web site) on a topic approved by the instructor.

• Estimated paper length is 20 pages, and electronic projects should demonstrate an equivalent amount of scholarship.
• Submit a proposal of one page in length by September 13, which explains your topic, tells why you want to do your project on that topic, and lists the five best sources you have found so far.
• The final draft of the paper or project will be due November 29, and will be marked out of 15%. Correct English usage is expected.
• Use primary source material, including at least fifteen (15) journal articles. The journals may be either paper or electronic, but non-journal websites do not count toward the required 15 journal articles.
• In your paper or project, show a clear explanation of the topic, including relevant research and case reports.
• Suggested topics:
• Any drug or small family of drugs (eg. opiate antagonists), including history of use and abuse, pharmacology, therapeutic potential, and current street status.
• Issues surrounding legalization of all drugs or any category of currently illicit compounds, such as marijuana.
• Targeted drug education methods.
• Treatment for addiction to a family of drugs, eg. heroin.
• Drug treatment of a particular mental disorder.

4. Find and read current articles in newspapers, public affairs magazines, and popular magazines. These articles must deal with statistics about drug use, opinions or policy about drug use, development of new drugs, discovery of new uses for existing drugs, or discovery of side effects of drugs. A compendium of articles, many of which are relevant to this learning activity, is available from the National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information. The compendium is updated daily.

a. Bring appropriate articles to class for discussion.

b. Then, for each of the following due dates, choose one of the articles you have read, and do further scholarly research (books, journal articles, appropriate Web sites) to help you evaluate the article. Write a one-page critique of the claims made in the article, using your scholarly sources. Example, by Nicole Koser (2000).

i. Due October 4

ii. Due October 25

iii. Due December 6(Total value: 10%)

5. Applied project. Take your pick of one of the following. If you prefer, suggest an alternative for my approval. Complete the project, write a one page report, and submit it by November 15. 5%

a. Visit a drug rehabilitation center.

b. Attend an open meeting of Alcoholics Anonymous, Al-Anon, Alateen, or a similar 12-Step group.

c. Take a free visit at a weight loss clinic.

d. Call a drug-information hotline (but not a crisis hotline, unless you are in a crisis). Inquire about two separate drugs of abuse.

e. Design and conduct an opinion poll, using a sample of at least 100 people who are over the age of 18. Report your results clearly.

f. Explore the training and credentialing requirements to become a drug abuse counselor in your home state.

6. Discussion folder: To find the posted discussion folder for the class, open Outlook.

• Then, go to the folder list on the left side of your screen. (If it is missing, click the File menu and select Folder list.
• Scroll to the bottom of the folder list to find Public Folders, and click the plus sign.
• Click the plus signs beside each of the following, in order: All Public Folders...Academic...Classes...Young P.
• Click on AbnormalF01, and you are into the folder. Please read the first message from me, and reply.
• To read any message in the folder, double-click it.
• To reply, click the Post Reply button; type your message; and click the Post button.
• To post a new message rather than a reply, click on the folder. Then click New on the Outlook toolbar at the top of the page, type your message, and click Post.
• Helpful hint: Click on AbnormalF01 and drag it up the folder list to Favorites, to eliminate most of the above searching steps in the future. But don't drag it anywhere else.

• American Psychological Association The APA site connects to the resources of the Association, including membership and an on-line copy of the APA Monitor, the APA's newspaper. Highly recommended.

• The National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information has a well-developed website, with survey results, a variety of drug education programs, and access to databases like Prevline, a searchable database of websites on drug topics.
• Food and Drug Administration The FDA site is a dependable, easily-used site with wide-ranging links. Highly recommended.

• National Institutes of Health

• National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)
• National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA)

• Slang terms or street names for drugs can be identified via this dictionary.

• Medical perspectives on substance abuse are available from MedMatrix.  You will have to sign in for this service, but it is free.

• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)

• United States Information Agency (USIA)

• Web of Addictions: A commercial site which offers current drug information from an anti-drug abuse perspective.
• This PowerPoint presentation by Bethany Crozier (2000) deals with marijuana.  It has an especially thorough history.

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Examination One

Examination Two

Examination Three

Items in red are not covered on the first exam, fall 2001.

Items in blue are newly added to this review sheet, fall 2001.

2. Essay questions: This is not an exhaustive list. Prepare the study questions in Julien, as well.

1. Explain the practical and theoretical issues surrounding drug classification.
2. Describe seven ways drugs may be classified.
3. Explain the many manifestations of tolerance.
4. Can someone be harmed by a dosage of a drug to which tolerance has been developed? How?
5. Describe the various routes of drug administration. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each method?
6. Calculate the relative fat solubility of a drug of a particular pH and pKa in solutions of particular pH, using the henderson-Hasselbalch equation.
7. How do drug half-lives relate to the effectiveness of a dose of a drug?
8. Label the components of a typical dose-response curve.
9. Describe how drug action is terminated and drugs are eliminated from the body.
10. Explain the role and actions of enzymes in terminating the action of drugs and neurotransmitters.
11. Is drug sensitization a real phenomenon? Discuss the evidence pro and con.
12. Explain how and when accumulation dosing results in a steady state.
13. What roles do positive and negative reinforcement play in addiction?
14. How does the interaction of a drug with a receptor change the affected cells?
15. Describe the four types of receptor.
16. What ways may a drug act on a neuron or synapse?
17. How does the dose-response curve relate to effectiveness and safety? Can a drug be safe and effective?
18. Describe the history of drug safety and txicity assessment through the legislation of the 20th century. Analyze the influences that pushed the changes, and argue to a thesis that characterizes the way drug control is legislated in the U.S.A.
19. Outline, with explanations, the FDA approval process for drugs.
20. What does the drug schedule system mean? How does it work?
21. How did Dr. Hamilton Wright and Harry Anslinger convince Congress to pass legislation controlling certain substances? Compare and contrast their fundamental arguments. Were their arguments racist?
22. Is it true that drug trafficking is concentrated in certain urban areas?
23. If it is, why? Is it a simple matter of population density?
24. Are particular populations of people more likely than others to demonstrate problem drug use?
25. If there are differences in drug problems in different populations, what demographic factors seem to contribute to drug use?
26. How do drug distribution, drug usage, and societal power structures relate to each other?
27. Do drug education programs on the east side of Buffalo work? Are they effective? Why or why not?
28. How does the drug industry -- both the legitimate and the illegitimate sides -- target vulnerable people? Give examples.
30. Drugs and behavior review sheet Examination 2

1. Terms.
 

ED50	LD50	Therapeutic Index	safety margin
FDA approval process	limited human trials	broad clinical trials	sensitivity reports
GABAA receptor	GABAB receptor	BDZ receptor	BARB receptor
risk/benefit analysis	barbiturates	non-barbiturates	benzodiazepines
ethyl alcohol	thiopental	secobarbital	phenobarbital
general anaesthetics	glutethimide	methaqualone	tranquillizers
meprobamate	dicarbamate	paradoxical effects	REM rebound
"Love drug"	chlordiazepoxide	diazepam	flumazenil
nordiazepam	oxazepam	baclofen	panic disorders
phobias	obsessive-compulsive disorder	stress disorders	long-acting benzodiazepines
second-generation anxiolytics	antiepileptic drugs	alprazolam	buspirone
zolpidem	hydantoins	carbamazepine	valproic acid
disulfiram	isopropyl alcohol	methanol	ethanol
bromide	fluid mosaic model	chloral hydrate	Mickey Finn
methyl hydrate	inhalants	toluene	nitrous oxide
ether	hypoxia	acetaldehyde	fermentation
distillation	fortification	mixed beverages	proof
moonshiner’s test	Gin Lane	Beer Street	flavinoids
Albertus Magnus	Cisco	US system	Gin epidemic
Whiskey Rebellion	Plato	Triangular trade	amphetamine
Bennies	speed/ice/crystal	sympathomimetic	anorectic
nucleus accumbens	stereotypy	methylphenidate	pemoline
Adderall	phentermine/phenmetrazine	dexfenfluramine	ephedrine/phenylephrine
Erythroxylon coca	cocaine base or paste	freebase	Niemann
benzoylecgonine	cocaethylene	transporter proteins	xanthine derivatives
flavinoids	fen-phen and sibutramine	ephedrine	clonidine

2. Essay questions: This is not an exhaustive list. Prepare the study questions in Julien, as well.

a. Outline the process of drug testing and approval as governed by the FDA.  Is it ever modified?

c. Describe the historical development of the CNS depressants, showing how each reputed advance ended up producing additional problems.

d. Explain the action of the barbiturates. What factors differentiate the short- and long-acting forms?

e. What are the five categories of CNS depressants? Give an example of each.

f. Outline the progressive stages of CNS depression from drugs.

g. Outline and explain Julien's five principles of CNS depressant action. What is peculiar about principle 3?

h. What are polysynaptic pathways, and why are they the first to be depressed?

i. What is GABA?  What does it do?

j. What is a GABA receptor?  How is its action affected by barbiturates and benzodiazepines?

k. Why is usage of barbiturates declining?

l. What is "Drug-Induced Brain Syndrome"? How is it assessed using a Mental Status Exam?

m. Are there special problems with CNS depressants in people over age 70?  Why?

n. How do the pharmacokinetics of barbiturates lead to their sub-classification?

o. Outline the pharmacological and psychological effects of the barbiturates.

p. What are the mechanisms whereby tolerance develops to barbiturates? Is barbiturate tolerance uniform?

q. What are the risks of physical and psychological dependence on barbiturates?

r. Explain the hypothesis, preferred by Julien, that general anaesthetics work by disrupting flow of ions across the neuron membrane.

s. Outline six types of inhalants, with examples of each.

t. What are the special risks associated with inhalant abuse?

u. When and for what reasons are the benzodiazepines preferable to earlier compounds such as the barbiturates?

v. How do the benzodiazepines, both agonists and antagonists, work? What do they do pharmacologically and behaviorally?

w. Outline the anxiety disorders for which benzodiazepines are effective.

x. Describe the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the benzodiazepines. Should older people use them? Why not?

y. Describe the pharmacokinetics of ethyl alcohol.

z. Describe the pharmacodynamics of ethyl alcohol.

aa. Present a history of alcohol use and abuse.

bb. Outline, with explanations, the chronic effects of alcohol consumption on body systems.

cc. What is the history of amphetamine use and abuse?

dd. How do the amphetamines work?  How do the effects of amphetamines change with increasing dosage?

ee. How does drug usage relate to AD/HD?

ff. Outline the history of cocaine use and abuse.

gg. Explain the preparation of the various forms of cocaine. How effective is each form?

hh. Why was powdered cocaine HCl popular with the upper middle class? Why was crack cocaine use epidemic in inner city neighbourhoods?

ii. Evaluate the research on crack babies.

jj. What are the pharmacodynamics of cocaine? What are its short term and long term side effects?

kk. How does tolerance to cocaine develop?

ll. Outline the plant sources of xanthines.

mm. What are the pharmacodynamic effects of caffeine?

nn.  What is the French paradox?  Is it really a paradox?

oo.  Outline with explanations the physical effects of alcohol on four different organ systems.

pp. Present and evaluate the research on the etiology of alcoholism.

qq. How can alcoholism be treated?  How successful are the various approaches?

rr. Outline six types of inhalants, with examples of each.

ss.  What are the special risks associated with inhalant abuse?

tt.  Outline, with examples, three families of amphetamine-like compounds.  For what purposes are they used, both licit and illicit?

uu.  How do the side effects of cocaine change over time since the administration?  With dosage amount?

vv.  What is the evidence that cocaine is reinforcing, producing dependence?

ww.  Outline three treatment models for cocaine addiction.

xx.  Since nicotine is now known to act to enhance dopamine activity in the nucleus accumbens, should it be classed with caffeine or with amphetamine and cocaine?

yy.  What are the side effects of caffeine?  Are there any fetal effects?

zz.  Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the various routes of administration of nicotine.

aaa.  Explain the pharmacodynamics of nicotine.

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Copyright 1998-2001 Paul D. Young Last updated 25 September, 2001.