What is associated?

• S - R?

  • Thorndike’s Law of effect: Contiguity
  • But Tinklepaugh (1928) showed that organisms learn to expect particular reinforcers: Monkeys given a leaf of lettuce showed disappointment when they were expecting a slice of banana. So:

• R - SR ? Or

• S - R - SR ? Colwill and Rescorla (1985...)

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