American Psychiatric Association.  (1987).  Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., Rev.).  Washington, DC: Author.

American Psychiatric Association.  (1994).  Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.).  Washington, DC: Author.

American Psychiatric Association.  (1997).  Posttraumatic stress disorder (Rev. ed.). [Brochure].  Washington, DC: Author.  Available on-line: http://www.psych.org/public_info/ptsd.html

Bullman, T.A., & Kang, H.K.  (1995).  A study of suicide among Vietnam veterans.  Federal Practicioner, 12, 3, 9-13.

Charney, D.S., Deutch, A.Y., & Krystal, J.H.  (1993).  Psychobiologic mechanisms of post-traumatic stress disorder.  Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 294-305.

Davidson, G.C., & Neale, J.M.  (1998).  Abnormal Psychology (7th ed.).  New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Davidson, J., Kuder, H., Smith, R, et al.  (1990).  Treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder with amitrptyline and placebo.  Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 259-266.

Davidson, J.R., Hughes, D., Blazer, D.G., & George, L.K.  (1991).  Post-traumatic stress disorder in the community: An epidemiological study.  Psychological Medicine, 21, 3, 713-721.

Fairbank, J.A. & Brown, T.A.  (1987).  Current behavioral approaches to the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder.  The Behavioral Therapist, 3, 57-64.

Fairbank, J.A., DeGood, D.E., & Jenkins, C.W.  (1981).  Behavioral treatment of a persistent post-traumatic startle response.  Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychology, 12, 321-324.

Fesler, F.A.  (1991).  Valproate in combat related post-traumatic stress disorder.  Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 52, 361-364.

Figley, C.R.  (1995).  Compassion fatigue: Secondary traumatic stress disorder from treating the traumatized.  New York: Brunner/Mazel.

Foa, E.B., Rothbaum, B.O., Molnar, C.  (1995).  Cognitive-behavioral therapy of PTSD.  In M.J. Friedman, D.S. Charney, & A.Y. Deutch (Eds.), Neurobiological and clinical consequences of stress: From normal adaptation to PTSD.  New York: Raven Press.

Friedman, M.J.  (1991).  Biological approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder.  Journal of Traumatic Stress, 4, 67-91.

Friedman, M.J.  (1996).  PTSD Diagnosis and treatment for mental health clinicians.  Community Mental Health Journal, 32, 2, 173-189.  Available on-line: http://www.dartmouth.edu/dms/ptsd/Clinicians.html

Friedman, M.J. & Southwick, S.M.  (1995).  Towards pharmacotherapy for PTSD.  In M.J. Friedman, D.S. Charney, & A.Y. Deutch (Eds.), Neurobiological and clinical consequences of stress: From normal adaptation to PTSD.  New York: Raven Press.

Helzer, J.E., Robins, L.N., & McEvoy, L.  (1987).  Post-traumatic stress disorder in the general population: Findings of the epidemiologic catchment area survey.  New England Journal of Medicine, 317, 1630-1634.

Henry, J.R., Haviland, M.G., Cummings, M.A., Anderson, D.L., Nelson, J.C., MacMUrray, J.P., McGhee, W.H., & Hubbard, R.W.  (1992).  Shared neuroendocrine patterns of post-traumatic stress disorder and alexithymia.  Psychosomatic Medicine, 54, 4, 407-415.

Herman, J.L.  (1992).  Trauma and recovery.  New York: Basic Books.

Horowitz, M.J.  (1986).  Stress response syndromes (2nd ed.).  New York: Jason Aronson.

Hyer, L.  (1994).  Trauma victim: Theoretical issues and practical suggestions.  Muncie, IN: Accelerated Development, Inc.

Keane, T.M., Zimering, R.T., & Caddell, J.  (1985).  A behavioral formulation of posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans.  The Behavior Therapist, 8, 9-12.

Kosten, T.R., Mason, J.W., Giller, E.L., Ostroff, R., & Harkness, I.  (1987).  Sustained urinary norepinephrine and epinephrine elevation in posttraumatic stress disorder.  Psychoneuroendocrinology, 12, 13-20.

Kulka, R.A., Schlenger, W.E., Fairbank, J.A., Hough, R.L., Jordan, B.K., Marmar, C.R., & Weiss, D.S.  (1990).  Trauma and the Vietnam war generation: Report of findings from the national Vietnam veterans readjustment study.  New York: Brunner/Mazel.

Krystal, J.H., Kosten, T.R., Southwick, S., Mason, J.W., Derr, B.D., & Giller, E.L.  (1989).  Neurobiological apsectsd of PTSD: Review of clinical and preclinical studies.  Behavior Therapy, 20, 177-198.

Lindy, J.D., (1993).  Focal psychoanalytic psychotherapy.  In J.P. Wilson & B. Raphael (Eds.), The international handbook of traumatic stress syndromes.  New York: Plenum Press.

Long, P.D.  (1997).  Internet Mental Health [On-line database].  Available: http://www.mentalhealth.com/mag1/p5h-pts3.html

Marmar, C.R., Weiss, D.S., & Pynoos, R.B.  (1995).  Dynamic psychotherapy of post-traumatic stress disorder.  In M.J. Friedman, D.S. Charney, & A.Y. Deutch (Eds.), Neurobiological and clinical consequences of stress: From normal adaptation to PTSD.  New York: Raven Press.

McCann, L. & Pearlman, A.  (1990).  Vicarious traumatization: A framework for understnading the psychological effects of working with victims.  Journal of Traumatic Stress, 3, 131-149.

Mowrer, O.H.  (1947).  On the dual nature of learning -- A reinterpretation of "conditioning" and "problem-solving."  Harvard Educational Review, 17, 102-148.

Murburg, M.M.  (1994).  Catecholamine function in post-traumatic stress disorder: Emerging concepts.  Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

Muse, M.  (1986).  Stress-related, posttraumatic chronic pain syndrome: Behavioral treatment approach.  Pain, 25, 389-394.

National Institute of Mental Health.  (1997).  Anxiety disorders (3rd ed.) [Brochure].  Washington, DC: Author.  Available on-line: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/anxiety.htm

Pitman, R.K., Orr, S., Altman, B., & et al.  (1993, October).  A controlled study of eye movement desensitization/reprocessing (EMDR) treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder.  Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Society for Trauamtic Stress Studies, San Antonio, TX.

Shapiro, F.  (1989).  Efficacy of eye movement desensitization procedures in the treatment of traumatic memories.  Journal of Traumatic Stress, 2, 199-233.

Southwick, S.M., Krystal, J.H., Johnson, D.R., & et al.  (1992).  Neurobiology of post-traumatic stress disorder.  In A. Tasman (Ed.), Annual review of psychiatry (Vol. 11).  Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

Trimble, M.D.  (1985).  Post-traumatic stress disorder: History of a concept.  In C.R. Figley (Ed.), Trauma and its wake: The study and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder.  New York: Brunner/Mazel.

Van der Kolk, B., Brennberg, M., Boyd, H., & Krystal, J.H. (1985).  Inescapable shock, neurotransmitters, and adiction to trauma: Toward a psychobiology of posttraumatic stress.  Biological Psychiatry, 20, 314-325.

Van der Kolk, B.A., Dryfus, D., Michaels, M, & et al.  (1994).  Fluoxetine in posttraumatic stress disorder.  Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 55, 517-522.

Williams, M.B., & Sommer, J.F.  (1994).  Handbook of post-traumatic therapy.  Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

Questions?  E-mail the author: Gregory Bayse 

---